| \(B_a\) |
Burn rate (vivacity) of the powder |
| \(a_0, z_1, z_2\) |
Form-function values: the shape of the powder grain and the transitions of its burning |
| \(Q_{ex}\) |
Explosion heat (energy content) of the powder |
| \(k\) |
Ratio of the specific heats of the powder gases |
| BT |
Barrel time: time for the bullet to reach the muzzle |
| SD / ES |
Standard deviation and extreme spread of the velocity |
| Load ratio |
Fraction of the case that the powder fills (loading density) |
| C.I.P. |
Commission Internationale Permanente, which standardizes cartridge and chamber dimensions |
| \(P_{max}\) |
Maximum permitted pressure |